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How to make a quantum bit
This video explains that to compute the prime factors in a 2048 number would take a classical computer years, yet the ability of a quantum computer to use superposition, which reduces the number of steps to complete a computation, makes it possible in minutes.
The explanation
The electron in a phosphorous atom is used as qubit. It is placed in a crystal of silicon. Its electron can occupy high energy (up) or low energy (down) spin states when in an external magnetic field. To change the spin a specific microwave frequency is required, and this depends upon the magnitude of the external magnetic field.
In the high energy state the electron leave the phosphorous atom leaving a positive charge. This additional current can be measured and so used as a way to carry information.
The nucleus of the phosphorous can also resonate in a magnetic field to occupy high and low spin states. Each state alters the resultant strength of the external magnetic field and so affects the frequency that is required to change the spin of the electron. This phenomena is used to manipulate information and to create the quantum computer.
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